h1-mod/deps/curl/docs/INSTALL.md

how to install curl and libcurl

Installing Binary Packages

Lots of people download binary distributions of curl and libcurl. This document does not describe how to install curl or libcurl using such a binary package. This document describes how to compile, build and install curl and libcurl from source code.

Building using vcpkg

You can download and install curl and libcurl using the vcpkg dependency manager:

git clone https://github.com/Microsoft/vcpkg.git
cd vcpkg
./bootstrap-vcpkg.sh
./vcpkg integrate install
vcpkg install curl[tool]

The curl port in vcpkg is kept up to date by Microsoft team members and community contributors. If the version is out of date, please create an issue or pull request on the vcpkg repository.

Building from git

If you get your code off a git repository instead of a release tarball, see the GIT-INFO file in the root directory for specific instructions on how to proceed.

Unix

A normal Unix installation is made in three or four steps (after you have unpacked the source archive):

./configure --with-openssl [--with-gnutls --with-wolfssl]
make
make test (optional)
make install

(Adjust the configure line accordingly to use the TLS library you want.)

You probably need to be root when doing the last command.

Get a full listing of all available configure options by invoking it like:

./configure --help

If you want to install curl in a different file hierarchy than /usr/local, specify that when running configure:

./configure --prefix=/path/to/curl/tree

If you have write permission in that directory, you can do 'make install' without being root. An example of this would be to make a local install in your own home directory:

./configure --prefix=$HOME
make
make install

The configure script always tries to find a working SSL library unless explicitly told not to. If you have OpenSSL installed in the default search path for your compiler/linker, you do not need to do anything special. If you have OpenSSL installed in /usr/local/ssl, you can run configure like:

./configure --with-openssl

If you have OpenSSL installed somewhere else (for example, /opt/OpenSSL) and you have pkg-config installed, set the pkg-config path first, like this:

env PKG_CONFIG_PATH=/opt/OpenSSL/lib/pkgconfig ./configure --with-openssl

Without pkg-config installed, use this:

./configure --with-openssl=/opt/OpenSSL

If you insist on forcing a build without SSL support, you can run configure like this:

./configure --without-ssl

If you have OpenSSL installed, but with the libraries in one place and the header files somewhere else, you have to set the LDFLAGS and CPPFLAGS environment variables prior to running configure. Something like this should work:

CPPFLAGS="-I/path/to/ssl/include" LDFLAGS="-L/path/to/ssl/lib" ./configure

If you have shared SSL libs installed in a directory where your runtime linker does not find them (which usually causes configure failures), you can provide this option to gcc to set a hard-coded path to the runtime linker:

LDFLAGS=-Wl,-R/usr/local/ssl/lib ./configure --with-openssl

Static builds

To force a static library compile, disable the shared library creation by running configure like:

./configure --disable-shared

The configure script is primarily done to work with shared/dynamic third party dependencies. When linking with shared libraries, the dependency "chain" is handled automatically by the library loader - on all modern systems.

If you instead link with a static library, you need to provide all the dependency libraries already at the link command line.

Figuring out all the dependency libraries for a given library is hard, as it might involve figuring out the dependencies of the dependencies and they vary between platforms and change between versions.

When using static dependencies, the build scripts will mostly assume that you, the user, will provide all the necessary additional dependency libraries as additional arguments in the build. With configure, by setting LIBS or LDFLAGS on the command line.

Building statically is not for the faint of heart.

Debug

If you are a curl developer and use gcc, you might want to enable more debug options with the --enable-debug option.

curl can be built to use a whole range of libraries to provide various useful services, and configure will try to auto-detect a decent default. But if you want to alter it, you can select how to deal with each individual library.

Select TLS backend

These options are provided to select the TLS backend to use.

• AmiSSL: --with-amissl
• BearSSL: --with-bearssl
• GnuTLS: --with-gnutls.
• mbedTLS: --with-mbedtls
• OpenSSL: --with-openssl (also for BoringSSL, AWS-LC, libressl, and quictls)
• rustls: --with-rustls
• Schannel: --with-schannel
• Secure Transport: --with-secure-transport
• wolfSSL: --with-wolfssl

You can build curl with multiple TLS backends at your choice, but some TLS backends cannot be combined: if you build with an OpenSSL fork (or wolfSSL), you cannot add another OpenSSL fork (or wolfSSL) simply because they have conflicting identical symbol names.

When you build with multiple TLS backends, you can select the active one at run-time when curl starts up.

configure finding libs in wrong directory

When the configure script checks for third-party libraries, it adds those directories to the LDFLAGS variable and then tries linking to see if it works. When successful, the found directory is kept in the LDFLAGS variable when the script continues to execute and do more tests and possibly check for more libraries.

This can make subsequent checks for libraries wrongly detect another installation in a directory that was previously added to LDFLAGS by another library check.

Windows

Building for Windows XP is required as a minimum.

Building Windows DLLs and C runtime (CRT) linkage issues

As a general rule, building a DLL with static CRT linkage is highly discouraged, and intermixing CRTs in the same app is something to avoid at any cost.

Reading and comprehending Microsoft Knowledge Base articles KB94248 and KB140584 is a must for any Windows developer. Especially important is full understanding if you are not going to follow the advice given above.

• How To Use the C Run-Time
• Run-Time Library Compiler Options
• Potential Errors Passing CRT Objects Across DLL Boundaries

If your app is misbehaving in some strange way, or it is suffering from memory corruption, before asking for further help, please try first to rebuild every single library your app uses as well as your app using the debug multi-threaded dynamic C runtime.

If you get linkage errors read section 5.7 of the FAQ document.

mingw-w64

Make sure that mingw-w64's bin directory is in the search path, for example:

set PATH=c:\mingw-w64\bin;%PATH%

then run mingw32-make mingw32 in the root dir. There are other make targets available to build libcurl with more features, use:

• mingw32-make mingw32-zlib to build with Zlib support;
• mingw32-make mingw32-ssl-zlib to build with SSL and Zlib enabled;
• mingw32-make mingw32-ssh2-ssl-zlib to build with SSH2, SSL, Zlib;
• mingw32-make mingw32-ssh2-ssl-sspi-zlib to build with SSH2, SSL, Zlib and SSPI support.

If you have any problems linking libraries or finding header files, be sure to verify that the provided Makefile.mk files use the proper paths, and adjust as necessary. It is also possible to override these paths with environment variables, for example:

set ZLIB_PATH=c:\zlib-1.2.12
set OPENSSL_PATH=c:\openssl-3.0.5
set LIBSSH2_PATH=c:\libssh2-1.10.0

It is also possible to build with other LDAP installations than MS LDAP; currently it is possible to build with native Win32 OpenLDAP, or with the Novell CLDAP SDK. If you want to use these you need to set these vars:

set CPPFLAGS=-Ic:/openldap/include -DCURL_HAS_OPENLDAP_LDAPSDK
set LDFLAGS=-Lc:/openldap/lib
set LIBS=-lldap -llber

or for using the Novell SDK:

set CPPFLAGS=-Ic:/openldapsdk/inc -DCURL_HAS_NOVELL_LDAPSDK
set LDFLAGS=-Lc:/openldapsdk/lib/mscvc
set LIBS=-lldapsdk -lldapssl -lldapx

If you want to enable LDAPS support then append -ldaps to the make target.

Cygwin

Almost identical to the Unix installation. Run the configure script in the curl source tree root with sh configure. Make sure you have the sh executable in /bin/ or you will see the configure fail toward the end.

Run make

MS-DOS

Requires DJGPP in the search path and pointing to the Watt-32 stack via WATT_PATH=c:/djgpp/net/watt.

Run make -f Makefile.dist djgpp in the root curl dir.

For build configuration options, please see the mingw-w64 section.

Notes:

• DJGPP 2.04 beta has a sscanf() bug so the URL parsing is not done properly. Use DJGPP 2.03 until they fix it.

• Compile Watt-32 (and OpenSSL) with the same version of DJGPP. Otherwise things go wrong because things like FS-extensions and errno values have been changed between releases.

AmigaOS

Run make -f Makefile.dist amiga in the root curl dir.

For build configuration options, please see the mingw-w64 section.

Disabling Specific Protocols in Windows builds

The configure utility, unfortunately, is not available for the Windows environment, therefore, you cannot use the various disable-protocol options of the configure utility on this platform.

You can use specific defines to disable specific protocols and features. See CURL-DISABLE for the full list.

If you want to set any of these defines you have the following options:

• Modify lib/config-win32.h
• Modify lib/curl_setup.h
• Modify winbuild/Makefile.vc
• Modify the "Preprocessor Definitions" in the libcurl project

Note: The pre-processor settings can be found using the Visual Studio IDE under "Project -> Properties -> Configuration Properties -> C/C++ -> Preprocessor".

Using BSD-style lwIP instead of Winsock TCP/IP stack in Win32 builds

In order to compile libcurl and curl using BSD-style lwIP TCP/IP stack it is necessary to make the definition of the preprocessor symbol USE_LWIPSOCK visible to libcurl and curl compilation processes. To set this definition you have the following alternatives:

• Modify lib/config-win32.h and src/config-win32.h
• Modify winbuild/Makefile.vc
• Modify the "Preprocessor Definitions" in the libcurl project

Note: The pre-processor settings can be found using the Visual Studio IDE under "Project -> Properties -> Configuration Properties -> C/C++ -> Preprocessor".

Once that libcurl has been built with BSD-style lwIP TCP/IP stack support, in order to use it with your program it is mandatory that your program includes lwIP header file <lwip/opt.h> (or another lwIP header that includes this) before including any libcurl header. Your program does not need the USE_LWIPSOCK preprocessor definition which is for libcurl internals only.

Compilation has been verified with lwIP 1.4.0.

This BSD-style lwIP TCP/IP stack support must be considered experimental given that it has been verified that lwIP 1.4.0 still needs some polish, and libcurl might yet need some additional adjustment.

Important static libcurl usage note

When building an application that uses the static libcurl library on Windows, you must add -DCURL_STATICLIB to your CFLAGS. Otherwise the linker will look for dynamic import symbols.

Legacy Windows and SSL

Schannel (from Windows SSPI), is the native SSL library in Windows. However, Schannel in Windows <= XP is unable to connect to servers that no longer support the legacy handshakes and algorithms used by those versions. If you will be using curl in one of those earlier versions of Windows you should choose another SSL backend such as OpenSSL.

Apple Platforms (macOS, iOS, tvOS, watchOS, and their simulator counterparts)

On modern Apple operating systems, curl can be built to use Apple's SSL/TLS implementation, Secure Transport, instead of OpenSSL. To build with Secure Transport for SSL/TLS, use the configure option --with-secure-transport.

When Secure Transport is in use, the curl options --cacert and --capath and their libcurl equivalents, will be ignored, because Secure Transport uses the certificates stored in the Keychain to evaluate whether or not to trust the server. This, of course, includes the root certificates that ship with the OS. The --cert and --engine options, and their libcurl equivalents, are currently unimplemented in curl with Secure Transport.

In general, a curl build for an Apple ARCH/SDK/DEPLOYMENT_TARGET combination can be taken by providing appropriate values for ARCH, SDK, DEPLOYMENT_TARGET below and running the commands:

# Set these three according to your needs
export ARCH=x86_64
export SDK=macosx
export DEPLOYMENT_TARGET=10.8

export CFLAGS="-arch $ARCH -isysroot $(xcrun -sdk $SDK --show-sdk-path) -m$SDK-version-min=$DEPLOYMENT_TARGET"
./configure --host=$ARCH-apple-darwin --prefix $(pwd)/artifacts --with-secure-transport
make -j8
make install

Above will build curl for macOS platform with x86_64 architecture and 10.8 as deployment target.

Here is an example for iOS device:

export ARCH=arm64
export SDK=iphoneos
export DEPLOYMENT_TARGET=11.0

export CFLAGS="-arch $ARCH -isysroot $(xcrun -sdk $SDK --show-sdk-path) -m$SDK-version-min=$DEPLOYMENT_TARGET"
./configure --host=$ARCH-apple-darwin --prefix $(pwd)/artifacts --with-secure-transport
make -j8
make install

Another example for watchOS simulator for macs with Apple Silicon:

export ARCH=arm64
export SDK=watchsimulator
export DEPLOYMENT_TARGET=5.0

export CFLAGS="-arch $ARCH -isysroot $(xcrun -sdk $SDK --show-sdk-path) -m$SDK-version-min=$DEPLOYMENT_TARGET"
./configure --host=$ARCH-apple-darwin --prefix $(pwd)/artifacts --with-secure-transport
make -j8
make install

In all above, the built libraries and executables can be found in the artifacts folder.

Android

When building curl for Android it's recommended to use a Linux/macOS environment since using curl's configure script is the easiest way to build curl for Android. Before you can build curl for Android, you need to install the Android NDK first. This can be done using the SDK Manager that is part of Android Studio. Once you have installed the Android NDK, you need to figure out where it has been installed and then set up some environment variables before launching configure. On macOS, those variables could look like this to compile for aarch64 and API level 29:

export ANDROID_NDK_HOME=~/Library/Android/sdk/ndk/25.1.8937393 # Point into your NDK.
export HOST_TAG=darwin-x86_64 # Same tag for Apple Silicon. Other OS values here: https://developer.android.com/ndk/guides/other_build_systems#overview
export TOOLCHAIN=$ANDROID_NDK_HOME/toolchains/llvm/prebuilt/$HOST_TAG
export AR=$TOOLCHAIN/bin/llvm-ar
export AS=$TOOLCHAIN/bin/llvm-as
export CC=$TOOLCHAIN/bin/aarch64-linux-android21-clang
export CXX=$TOOLCHAIN/bin/aarch64-linux-android21-clang++
export LD=$TOOLCHAIN/bin/ld
export RANLIB=$TOOLCHAIN/bin/llvm-ranlib
export STRIP=$TOOLCHAIN/bin/llvm-strip

When building on Linux or targeting other API levels or architectures, you need to adjust those variables accordingly. After that you can build curl like this:

./configure --host aarch64-linux-android --with-pic --disable-shared

Note that this will not give you SSL/TLS support. If you need SSL/TLS, you have to build curl against a SSL/TLS layer, e.g. OpenSSL, because it's impossible for curl to access Android's native SSL/TLS layer. To build curl for Android using OpenSSL, follow the OpenSSL build instructions and then install libssl.a and libcrypto.a to $TOOLCHAIN/sysroot/usr/lib and copy include/openssl to $TOOLCHAIN/sysroot/usr/include. Now you can build curl for Android using OpenSSL like this:

LIBS="-lssl -lcrypto -lc++" # For OpenSSL/BoringSSL. In general, you will need to the SSL/TLS layer's transitive dependencies if you are linking statically.
./configure --host aarch64-linux-android --with-pic --disable-shared --with-openssl="$TOOLCHAIN/sysroot/usr"

IBM i

For IBM i (formerly OS/400), you can use curl in two different ways:

• Natively, running in the ILE. The obvious use is being able to call curl from ILE C or RPG applications.
  • You will need to build this from source. See packages/OS400/README for the ILE specific build instructions.
• In the PASE environment, which runs AIX programs. curl will be built as it would be on AIX.
  • IBM provides builds of curl in their Yum repository for PASE software.
  • To build from source, follow the Unix instructions.

There are some additional limitations and quirks with curl on this platform; they affect both environments.

Multi-threading notes

By default, jobs in IBM i will not start with threading enabled. (Exceptions include interactive PASE sessions started by QP2TERM or SSH.) If you use curl in an environment without threading when options like asynchronous DNS were enabled, you will get messages like:

getaddrinfo() thread failed to start

Do not panic. curl and your program are not broken. You can fix this by:

• Set the environment variable QIBM_MULTI_THREADED to Y before starting your program. This can be done at whatever scope you feel is appropriate.
• Alternatively, start the job with the ALWMLTTHD parameter set to *YES.

Cross compile

Download and unpack the curl package.

cd to the new directory. (e.g. cd curl-7.12.3)

Set environment variables to point to the cross-compile toolchain and call configure with any options you need. Be sure and specify the --host and --build parameters at configuration time. The following script is an example of cross-compiling for the IBM 405GP PowerPC processor using the toolchain on Linux.

#! /bin/sh

export PATH=$PATH:/opt/hardhat/devkit/ppc/405/bin
export CPPFLAGS="-I/opt/hardhat/devkit/ppc/405/target/usr/include"
export AR=ppc_405-ar
export AS=ppc_405-as
export LD=ppc_405-ld
export RANLIB=ppc_405-ranlib
export CC=ppc_405-gcc
export NM=ppc_405-nm

./configure --target=powerpc-hardhat-linux
    --host=powerpc-hardhat-linux
    --build=i586-pc-linux-gnu
    --prefix=/opt/hardhat/devkit/ppc/405/target/usr/local
    --exec-prefix=/usr/local

You may also need to provide a parameter like --with-random=/dev/urandom to configure as it cannot detect the presence of a random number generating device for a target system. The --prefix parameter specifies where curl will be installed. If configure completes successfully, do make and make install as usual.

In some cases, you may be able to simplify the above commands to as little as:

./configure --host=ARCH-OS

REDUCING SIZE

There are a number of configure options that can be used to reduce the size of libcurl for embedded applications where binary size is an important factor. First, be sure to set the CFLAGS variable when configuring with any relevant compiler optimization flags to reduce the size of the binary. For gcc, this would mean at minimum the -Os option, and potentially the -march=X, -mdynamic-no-pic and -flto options as well, e.g.

./configure CFLAGS='-Os' LDFLAGS='-Wl,-Bsymbolic'...

Note that newer compilers often produce smaller code than older versions due to improved optimization.

Be sure to specify as many --disable- and --without- flags on the configure command-line as you can to disable all the libcurl features that you know your application is not going to need. Besides specifying the --disable-PROTOCOL flags for all the types of URLs your application will not use, here are some other flags that can reduce the size of the library by disabling support for some feature:

• --disable-alt-svc (HTTP Alt-Svc)
• --disable-ares (the C-ARES DNS library)
• --disable-cookies (HTTP cookies)
• --disable-basic-auth (cryptographic authentication)
• --disable-bearer-auth (cryptographic authentication)
• --disable-digest-auth (cryptographic authentication)
• --disable-kerberos-auth (cryptographic authentication)
• --disable-negotiate-auth (cryptographic authentication)
• --disable-aws (cryptographic authentication)
• --disable-dateparse (date parsing for time conditionals)
• --disable-dnsshuffle (internal server load spreading)
• --disable-doh (DNS-over-HTTP)
• --disable-get-easy-options (lookup easy options at runtime)
• --disable-hsts (HTTP Strict Transport Security)
• --disable-http-auth (all HTTP authentication)
• --disable-ipv6 (IPv6)
• --disable-libcurl-option (--libcurl C code generation support)
• --disable-manual (built-in documentation)
• --disable-netrc (.netrc file)
• --disable-ntlm-wb (NTLM WinBind)
• --disable-progress-meter (graphical progress meter in library)
• --disable-proxy (HTTP and SOCKS proxies)
• --disable-pthreads (multi-threading)
• --disable-socketpair (socketpair for asynchronous name resolving)
• --disable-threaded-resolver (threaded name resolver)
• --disable-tls-srp (Secure Remote Password authentication for TLS)
• --disable-unix-sockets (UNIX sockets)
• --disable-verbose (eliminates debugging strings and error code strings)
• --disable-versioned-symbols (versioned symbols)
• --enable-symbol-hiding (eliminates unneeded symbols in the shared library)
• --without-brotli (Brotli on-the-fly decompression)
• --without-libpsl (Public Suffix List in cookies)
• --without-nghttp2 (HTTP/2 using nghttp2)
• --without-ngtcp2 (HTTP/2 using ngtcp2)
• --without-zstd (Zstd on-the-fly decompression)
• --without-libidn2 (internationalized domain names)
• --without-librtmp (RTMP)
• --without-ssl (SSL/TLS)
• --without-zlib (on-the-fly decompression)

The GNU compiler and linker have a number of options that can reduce the size of the libcurl dynamic libraries on some platforms even further. Specify them by providing appropriate CFLAGS and LDFLAGS variables on the configure command-line, e.g.

CFLAGS="-Os -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections
        -fno-unwind-tables -fno-asynchronous-unwind-tables -flto"
LDFLAGS="-Wl,-s -Wl,-Bsymbolic -Wl,--gc-sections"

Be sure also to strip debugging symbols from your binaries after compiling using 'strip' (or the appropriate variant if cross-compiling). If space is really tight, you may be able to remove some unneeded sections of the shared library using the -R option to objcopy (e.g. the .comment section).

Using these techniques it is possible to create a basic HTTP-only libcurl shared library for i386 Linux platforms that is only 133 KiB in size (as of libcurl version 7.80.0, using gcc 11.2.0).

You may find that statically linking libcurl to your application will result in a lower total size than dynamically linking.

Note that the curl test harness can detect the use of some, but not all, of the --disable statements suggested above. Use will cause tests relying on those features to fail. The test harness can be manually forced to skip the relevant tests by specifying certain key words on the runtests.pl command line. Following is a list of appropriate key words for those configure options that are not automatically detected:

• --disable-cookies !cookies
• --disable-dateparse !RETRY-AFTER !CURLOPT_TIMECONDITION !CURLINFO_FILETIME !If-Modified-Since !curl_getdate !-z
• --disable-libcurl-option !--libcurl
• --disable-verbose !verbose\ logs

Ports

This is a probably incomplete list of known CPU architectures and operating systems that curl has been compiled for. If you know a system curl compiles and runs on, that is not listed, please let us know!

101 Operating Systems

AIX, AmigaOS, Android, ArcoOS, Aros, Atari FreeMiNT, BeOS, Blackberry 10,
Blackberry Tablet OS, Cell OS, CheriBSD, Chrome OS, Cisco IOS, DG/UX,
Dragonfly BSD, DR DOS, eCOS, FreeBSD, FreeDOS, FreeRTOS, Fuchsia, Garmin OS,
Genode, Haiku, HardenedBSD, HP-UX, Hurd, Illumos, Integrity, iOS, ipadOS, IRIX,
Linux, Lua RTOS, Mac OS 9, macOS, Mbed, Meego, Micrium, MINIX, Moblin, MorphOS,
MPE/iX, MS-DOS, NCR MP-RAS, NetBSD, Netware, NextStep, Nintendo Switch,
NonStop OS, NuttX, OpenBSD, OpenStep, Orbis OS, OS/2, OS/400, OS21, Plan 9,
PlayStation Portable, QNX, Qubes OS, ReactOS, Redox, RICS OS, ROS, RTEMS,
Sailfish OS, SCO Unix, Serenity, SINIX-Z, SkyOS, Solaris, Sortix, SunOS,
Syllable OS, Symbian, Tizen, TPF, Tru64, tvOS, ucLinux, Ultrix, UNICOS,
UnixWare, VMS, vxWorks, watchOS, Wear OS, WebOS, Wii system software, Wii U,
Windows, Windows CE, Xbox System, Xenix, Zephyr, z/OS, z/TPF, z/VM, z/VSE

28 CPU Architectures

Alpha, ARC, ARM, AVR32, C-SKY, CompactRISC, Elbrus, ETRAX, HP-PA, Itanium,
LoongArch, m68k, m88k, MicroBlaze, MIPS, Nios, OpenRISC, POWER, PowerPC,
RISC-V, s390, SH4, SPARC, Tilera, VAX, x86, Xtensa, z/arch