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---
c: Copyright (C) Daniel Stenberg, <daniel.se>, et al.
SPDX-License-Identifier: curl
Title: libcurl-security
Section: 3
Source: libcurl
See-also:
- libcurl-thread (3)
---
<!-- markdown-link-check-disable -->
# NAME
libcurl-security - security considerations when using libcurl
# Security
The libcurl project takes security seriously. The library is written with
caution and precautions are taken to mitigate many kinds of risks encountered
while operating with potentially malicious servers on the Internet. It is a
powerful library, however, which allows application writers to make trade-offs
between ease of writing and exposure to potential risky operations. If used
the right way, you can use libcurl to transfer data pretty safely.
Many applications are used in closed networks where users and servers can
(possibly) be trusted, but many others are used on arbitrary servers and are
fed input from potentially untrusted users. Following is a discussion about
some risks in the ways in which applications commonly use libcurl and
potential mitigations of those risks. It is not comprehensive, but shows
classes of attacks that robust applications should consider. The Common
Weakness Enumeration project at https://cwe.mitre.org/ is a good reference for
many of these and similar types of weaknesses of which application writers
should be aware.
# Command Lines
If you use a command line tool (such as curl) that uses libcurl, and you give
options to the tool on the command line those options can get read by other
users of your system when they use *ps* or other tools to list currently
running processes.
To avoid these problems, never feed sensitive things to programs using command
line options. Write them to a protected file and use the -K option to avoid
this.
# .netrc
.netrc is a pretty handy file/feature that allows you to login quickly and
automatically to frequently visited sites. The file contains passwords in
clear text and is a real security risk. In some cases, your .netrc is also
stored in a home directory that is NFS mounted or used on another network
based file system, so the clear text password flies through your network every
time anyone reads that file.
For applications that enable .netrc use, a user who manage to set the right
URL might then be possible to pass on passwords.
To avoid these problems, do not use .netrc files and never store passwords in
plain text anywhere.
# Clear Text Passwords
Many of the protocols libcurl supports send name and password unencrypted as
clear text (HTTP Basic authentication, FTP, TELNET etc). It is easy for anyone
on your network or a network nearby yours to just fire up a network analyzer
tool and eavesdrop on your passwords. Do not let the fact that HTTP Basic uses
base64 encoded passwords fool you. They may not look readable at a first
glance, but they are easily "deciphered" by anyone within seconds.
To avoid this problem, use an authentication mechanism or other protocol that
does not let snoopers see your password: Digest, CRAM-MD5, Kerberos, SPNEGO or
NTLM authentication. Or even better: use authenticated protocols that protect
the entire connection and everything sent over it.
# Unauthenticated Connections
Protocols that do not have any form of cryptographic authentication cannot
with any certainty know that they communicate with the right remote server.
If your application is using a fixed scheme or fixed hostname, it is not safe
as long as the connection is unauthenticated. There can be a man-in-the-middle
or in fact the whole server might have been replaced by an evil actor.
Unauthenticated protocols are unsafe. The data that comes back to curl may
have been injected by an attacker. The data that curl sends might be modified
before it reaches the intended server. If it even reaches the intended server
at all.
Remedies:
## Restrict operations to authenticated transfers
Use authenticated protocols protected with HTTPS or SSH.
## Make sure the server's certificate etc is verified
Never ever switch off certificate verification.
# Redirects
The CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION(3) option automatically follows HTTP
redirects sent by a remote server. These redirects can refer to any kind of
URL, not just HTTP. libcurl restricts the protocols allowed to be used in
redirects for security reasons: only HTTP, HTTPS, FTP and FTPS are
enabled by default. Applications may opt to restrict that set further.
A redirect to a file: URL would cause the libcurl to read (or write) arbitrary
files from the local filesystem. If the application returns the data back to
the user (as would happen in some kinds of CGI scripts), an attacker could
leverage this to read otherwise forbidden data (e.g.
**file://localhost/etc/passwd**).
If authentication credentials are stored in the ~/.netrc file, or Kerberos is
in use, any other URL type (not just file:) that requires authentication is
also at risk. A redirect such as **ftp://some-internal-server/private-file** would
then return data even when the server is password protected.
In the same way, if an unencrypted SSH private key has been configured for the
user running the libcurl application, SCP: or SFTP: URLs could access password
or private-key protected resources,
e.g. **sftp://user@some-internal-server/etc/passwd**
The CURLOPT_REDIR_PROTOCOLS(3) and CURLOPT_NETRC(3) options can be
used to mitigate against this kind of attack.
A redirect can also specify a location available only on the machine running
libcurl, including servers hidden behind a firewall from the attacker.
E.g. **http://127.0.0.1/** or **http://intranet/delete-stuff.cgi?delete=all** or
**tftp://bootp-server/pc-config-data**
Applications can mitigate against this by disabling
CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION(3) and handling redirects itself, sanitizing URLs
as necessary. Alternately, an app could leave CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION(3)
enabled but set CURLOPT_REDIR_PROTOCOLS(3) and install a
CURLOPT_OPENSOCKETFUNCTION(3) or CURLOPT_PREREQFUNCTION(3) callback
function in which addresses are sanitized before use.
# CRLF in Headers
For all options in libcurl which specify headers, including but not limited to
CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER(3), CURLOPT_PROXYHEADER(3),
CURLOPT_COOKIE(3), CURLOPT_USERAGENT(3), CURLOPT_REFERER(3)
and CURLOPT_RANGE(3), libcurl sends the headers as-is and does not apply
any special sanitation or normalization to them.
If you allow untrusted user input into these options without sanitizing CRLF
sequences in them, someone malicious may be able to modify the request in a
way you did not intend such as injecting new headers.
# Local Resources
A user who can control the DNS server of a domain being passed in within a URL
can change the address of the host to a local, private address which a
server-side libcurl-using application could then use. E.g. the innocuous URL
**http://fuzzybunnies.example.com/** could actually resolve to the IP
address of a server behind a firewall, such as 127.0.0.1 or
10.1.2.3. Applications can mitigate against this by setting a
CURLOPT_OPENSOCKETFUNCTION(3) or CURLOPT_PREREQFUNCTION(3) and
checking the address before a connection.
All the malicious scenarios regarding redirected URLs apply just as well to
non-redirected URLs, if the user is allowed to specify an arbitrary URL that
could point to a private resource. For example, a web app providing a
translation service might happily translate **file://localhost/etc/passwd**
and display the result. Applications can mitigate against this with the
CURLOPT_PROTOCOLS(3) option as well as by similar mitigation techniques
for redirections.
A malicious FTP server could in response to the PASV command return an IP
address and port number for a server local to the app running libcurl but
behind a firewall. Applications can mitigate against this by using the
CURLOPT_FTP_SKIP_PASV_IP(3) option or CURLOPT_FTPPORT(3).
Local servers sometimes assume local access comes from friends and trusted
users. An application that expects https://example.com/file_to_read that and
instead gets http://192.168.0.1/my_router_config might print a file that would
otherwise be protected by the firewall.
Allowing your application to connect to local hosts, be it the same machine
that runs the application or a machine on the same local network, might be
possible to exploit by an attacker who then perhaps can "port-scan" the
particular hosts - depending on how the application and servers acts.
# IPv4 Addresses
Some users might be tempted to filter access to local resources or similar
based on numerical IPv4 addresses used in URLs. This is a bad and error-prone
idea because of the many different ways a numerical IPv4 address can be
specified and libcurl accepts: one to four dot-separated fields using one of
or a mix of decimal, octal or hexadecimal encoding.
# IPv6 Addresses
libcurl handles IPv6 addresses transparently and just as easily as IPv4
addresses. That means that a sanitizing function that filters out addresses
like 127.0.0.1 is not sufficient - the equivalent IPv6 addresses **::1**,
**::**, **0:00::0:1**, **::127.0.0.1** and **::ffff:7f00:1** supplied
somehow by an attacker would all bypass a naive filter and could allow access
to undesired local resources. IPv6 also has special address blocks like
link-local and site-local that generally should not be accessed by a
server-side libcurl-using application. A poorly configured firewall installed
in a data center, organization or server may also be configured to limit IPv4
connections but leave IPv6 connections wide open. In some cases, setting
CURLOPT_IPRESOLVE(3) to CURL_IPRESOLVE_V4 can be used to limit resolved
addresses to IPv4 only and bypass these issues.
# Uploads
When uploading, a redirect can cause a local (or remote) file to be
overwritten. Applications must not allow any unsanitized URL to be passed in
for uploads. Also, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION(3) should not be used on
uploads. Instead, the applications should consider handling redirects itself,
sanitizing each URL first.
# Authentication
Use of CURLOPT_UNRESTRICTED_AUTH(3) could cause authentication
information to be sent to an unknown second server. Applications can mitigate
against this by disabling CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION(3) and handling
redirects itself, sanitizing where necessary.
Use of the CURLAUTH_ANY option to CURLOPT_HTTPAUTH(3) could result in username
and password being sent in clear text to an HTTP server. Instead, use
CURLAUTH_ANYSAFE which ensures that the password is encrypted over the
network, or else fail the request.
Use of the CURLUSESSL_TRY option to CURLOPT_USE_SSL(3) could result in
username and password being sent in clear text to an FTP server. Instead, use
CURLUSESSL_CONTROL to ensure that an encrypted connection is used or else fail
the request.
# Cookies
If cookies are enabled and cached, then a user could craft a URL which
performs some malicious action to a site whose authentication is already
stored in a cookie. E.g.
**http://mail.example.com/delete-stuff.cgi?delete=all** Applications can
mitigate against this by disabling cookies or clearing them between requests.
# Dangerous SCP URLs
SCP URLs can contain raw commands within the scp: URL, which is a side effect
of how the SCP protocol is designed. E.g.
~~~
scp://user:pass@host/a;date >/tmp/test;
~~~
Applications must not allow unsanitized SCP: URLs to be passed in for
downloads.
# file://
By default curl and libcurl support file:// URLs. Such a URL is always an
access, or attempted access, to a local resource. If your application wants to
avoid that, keep control of what URLs to use and/or prevent curl/libcurl from
using the protocol.
By default, libcurl prohibits redirects to file:// URLs.
# Warning: file:// on Windows
The Windows operating system tries automatically, and without any way for
applications to disable it, to establish a connection to another host over the
network and access it (over SMB or other protocols), if only the correct file
path is accessed.
When first realizing this, the curl team tried to filter out such attempts in
order to protect applications for inadvertent probes of for example internal
networks etc. This resulted in CVE-2019-15601 and the associated security fix.
However, we have since been made aware of the fact that the previous fix was far
from adequate as there are several other ways to accomplish more or less the
same thing: accessing a remote host over the network instead of the local file
system.
The conclusion we have come to is that this is a weakness or feature in the
Windows operating system itself, that we as an application cannot safely
protect users against. It would just be a whack-a-mole race we do not want to
participate in. There are too many ways to do it and there is no knob we can
use to turn off the practice.
If you use curl or libcurl on Windows (any version), disable the use of the
FILE protocol in curl or be prepared that accesses to a range of "magic paths"
potentially make your system access other hosts on your network. curl cannot
protect you against this.
# What if the user can set the URL
Applications may find it tempting to let users set the URL that it can work
on. That is probably fine, but opens up for mischief and trickery that you as
an application author may want to address or take precautions against.
If your curl-using script allow a custom URL do you also, perhaps
unintentionally, allow the user to pass other options to the curl command line
if creative use of special characters are applied?
If the user can set the URL, the user can also specify the scheme part to
other protocols that you did not intend for users to use and perhaps did not
consider. curl supports over 20 different URL schemes. "http://" might be what
you thought, "ftp://" or "imap://" might be what the user gives your
application. Also, cross-protocol operations might be done by using a
particular scheme in the URL but point to a server doing a different protocol
on a non-standard port.
Remedies:
## Use --proto
curl command lines can use *--proto* to limit what URL schemes it accepts
## Use CURLOPT_PROTOCOLS
libcurl programs can use CURLOPT_PROTOCOLS(3) to limit what URL schemes it accepts
## consider not allowing the user to set the full URL
Maybe just let the user provide data for parts of it? Or maybe filter input to
only allow specific choices?
# RFC 3986 vs WHATWG URL
curl supports URLs mostly according to how they are defined in RFC 3986, and
has done so since the beginning.
Web browsers mostly adhere to the WHATWG URL Specification.
This deviance makes some URLs copied between browsers (or returned over HTTP
for redirection) and curl not work the same way. It can also cause problems if
an application parses URLs differently from libcurl and makes different
assumptions about a link. This can mislead users into getting the wrong thing,
connecting to the wrong host or otherwise not working identically.
Within an application, this can be mitigated by always using the
curl_url(3) API to parse URLs, ensuring that they are parsed the same way
as within libcurl itself.
# FTP uses two connections
When performing an FTP transfer, two TCP connections are used: one for setting
up the transfer and one for the actual data.
FTP is not only unauthenticated, but the setting up of the second transfer is
also a weak spot. The second connection to use for data, is either setup with
the PORT/EPRT command that makes the server connect back to the client on the
given IP+PORT, or with PASV/EPSV that makes the server setup a port to listen
to and tells the client to connect to a given IP+PORT.
Again, unauthenticated means that the connection might be meddled with by a
man-in-the-middle or that there is a malicious server pretending to be the
right one.
A malicious FTP server can respond to PASV commands with the IP+PORT of a
totally different machine. Perhaps even a third party host, and when there are
many clients trying to connect to that third party, it could create a
Distributed Denial-Of-Service attack out of it. If the client makes an upload
operation, it can make the client send the data to another site. If the
attacker can affect what data the client uploads, it can be made to work as a
HTTP request and then the client could be made to issue HTTP requests to third
party hosts.
An attacker that manages to control curl's command line options can tell curl
to send an FTP PORT command to ask the server to connect to a third party host
instead of back to curl.
The fact that FTP uses two connections makes it vulnerable in a way that is
hard to avoid.
# Active FTP passes on the local IP address
If you use curl/libcurl to do *active* FTP transfers, curl will pass on the
address of your local IP to the remote server - even when for example using a
SOCKS or HTTP proxy in between curl and the target server.
# Denial of Service
A malicious server could cause libcurl to effectively hang by sending data
slowly, or even no data at all but just keeping the TCP connection open. This
could effectively result in a denial-of-service attack. The
CURLOPT_TIMEOUT(3) and/or CURLOPT_LOW_SPEED_LIMIT(3) options can
be used to mitigate against this.
A malicious server could cause libcurl to download an infinite amount of data,
potentially causing all of memory or disk to be filled. Setting the
CURLOPT_MAXFILESIZE_LARGE(3) option is not sufficient to guard against
this. Instead, applications should monitor the amount of data received within
the write or progress callback and abort once the limit is reached.
A malicious HTTP server could cause an infinite redirection loop, causing a
denial-of-service. This can be mitigated by using the
CURLOPT_MAXREDIRS(3) option.
# Arbitrary Headers
User-supplied data must be sanitized when used in options like
CURLOPT_USERAGENT(3), CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER(3),
CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS(3) and others that are used to generate structured
data. Characters like embedded carriage returns or ampersands could allow the
user to create additional headers or fields that could cause malicious
transactions.
# Server-supplied Names
A server can supply data which the application may, in some cases, use as a
filename. The curl command-line tool does this with *--remote-header-name*,
using the Content-disposition: header to generate a filename. An application
could also use CURLINFO_EFFECTIVE_URL(3) to generate a filename from a
server-supplied redirect URL. Special care must be taken to sanitize such
names to avoid the possibility of a malicious server supplying one like
**"/etc/passwd"**, **"autoexec.bat"**, **"prn:"** or even **".bashrc"**.
# Server Certificates
A secure application should never use the CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER(3)
option to disable certificate validation. There are numerous attacks that are
enabled by applications that fail to properly validate server TLS/SSL
certificates, thus enabling a malicious server to spoof a legitimate
one. HTTPS without validated certificates is potentially as insecure as a
plain HTTP connection.
# Showing What You Do
Relatedly, be aware that in situations when you have problems with libcurl and
ask someone for help, everything you reveal in order to get best possible help
might also impose certain security related risks. Hostnames, usernames, paths,
operating system specifics, etc. (not to mention passwords of course) may in
fact be used by intruders to gain additional information of a potential
target.
Be sure to limit access to application logs if they could hold private or
security-related data. Besides the obvious candidates like usernames and
passwords, things like URLs, cookies or even filenames could also hold
sensitive data.
To avoid this problem, you must of course use your common sense. Often, you
can just edit out the sensitive data or just search/replace your true
information with faked data.
# setuid applications using libcurl
libcurl-using applications that set the 'setuid' bit to run with elevated or
modified rights also implicitly give that extra power to libcurl and this
should only be done after careful considerations.
Giving setuid powers to the application means that libcurl can save files using
those new rights (if for example the `SSLKEYLOGFILE` environment variable is
set). Also: if the application wants these powers to read or manage secrets
that the user is otherwise not able to view (like credentials for a login
etc), it should be noted that libcurl still might understand proxy environment
variables that allow the user to redirect libcurl operations to use a proxy
controlled by the user.
# File descriptors, fork and NTLM
An application that uses libcurl and invokes *fork()* gets all file
descriptors duplicated in the child process, including the ones libcurl
created.
libcurl itself uses *fork()* and *execl()* if told to use the
**CURLAUTH_NTLM_WB** authentication method which then invokes the helper
command in a child process with file descriptors duplicated. Make sure that
only the trusted and reliable helper program is invoked!
# Secrets in memory
When applications pass usernames, passwords or other sensitive data to
libcurl to be used for upcoming transfers, those secrets are kept around as-is
in memory. In many cases they are stored in the heap for as long as the handle
itself for which the options are set.
If an attacker can access the heap, like maybe by reading swap space or via a
core dump file, such data might be accessible.
Further, when eventually closing a handle and the secrets are no longer
needed, libcurl does not explicitly clear memory before freeing it, so
credentials may be left in freed data.
# Saving files
libcurl cannot protect against attacks where an attacker has write access to
the same directory where libcurl is directed to save files.
# Cookies
If libcurl is built with PSL (**Public Suffix List**) support, it detects and
discards cookies that are specified for such suffix domains that should not be
allowed to have cookies.
if libcurl is *not* built with PSL support, it has no ability to stop super
cookies.
# Report Security Problems
Should you detect or just suspect a security problem in libcurl or curl,
contact the project curl security team immediately. See
https://curl.se/dev/secprocess.html for details.