GSL/include/string_span.h

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 
// 
// Copyright (c) 2015 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. 
// 
// This code is licensed under the MIT License (MIT). 
// 
// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR 
// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, 
// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE 
// AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER 
// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, 
// OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN 
// THE SOFTWARE. 
// 
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

#pragma once

#ifndef GSL_STRING_SPAN_H
#define GSL_STRING_SPAN_H

#include "gsl_assert.h"
#include "gsl_util.h"
#include "span.h"
#include <cstring>

#ifdef _MSC_VER

// No MSVC does constexpr fully yet
#pragma push_macro("constexpr")
#define constexpr /* nothing */

// VS 2013 workarounds
#if _MSC_VER <= 1800

#define GSL_MSVC_HAS_TYPE_DEDUCTION_BUG
#define GSL_MSVC2013_ICE_WHEN_USING_DUMMY_TEMPLATE_PARAMETER

// noexcept is not understood
#ifndef GSL_THROW_ON_CONTRACT_VIOLATION
#pragma push_macro("noexcept")
#define noexcept /* nothing */
#endif

#endif // _MSC_VER <= 1800
#endif // _MSC_VER

// In order to test the library, we need it to throw exceptions that we can catch
#ifdef GSL_THROW_ON_CONTRACT_VIOLATION

#ifdef _MSC_VER
#pragma push_macro("noexcept")
#endif

#define noexcept /* nothing */

#endif // GSL_THROW_ON_CONTRACT_VIOLATION

namespace gsl
{
//
// czstring and wzstring
//
// These are "tag" typedef's for C-style strings (i.e. null-terminated character arrays)
// that allow static analysis to help find bugs.
//
// There are no additional features/semantics that we can find a way to add inside the
// type system for these types that will not either incur significant runtime costs or
// (sometimes needlessly) break existing programs when introduced.
//
template<std::ptrdiff_t Extent = dynamic_range>
using czstring = const char*;

template<std::ptrdiff_t Extent = dynamic_range>
using cwzstring = const wchar_t*;

template<std::ptrdiff_t Extent = dynamic_range>
using zstring = char*;

template<std::ptrdiff_t Extent = dynamic_range>
using wzstring = wchar_t*;

//
// ensure_sentinel()
//
// Provides a way to obtain an span from a contiguous sequence
// that ends with a (non-inclusive) sentinel value.
//
// Will fail-fast if sentinel cannot be found before max elements are examined.
//
template<typename T, const T Sentinel>
span<T, dynamic_range> ensure_sentinel(T* seq, std::ptrdiff_t max = PTRDIFF_MAX)
{
    auto cur = seq;
    while ((cur - seq) < max && *cur != Sentinel) ++cur;
    Ensures(*cur == Sentinel);
    return{ seq, cur - seq };
}


//
// ensure_z - creates a span for a czstring or cwzstring.
// Will fail fast if a null-terminator cannot be found before
// the limit of size_type.
//
template<typename T>
inline span<T, dynamic_range> ensure_z(T* const & sz, std::ptrdiff_t max = PTRDIFF_MAX)
{
    return ensure_sentinel<T, 0>(sz, max);
}

// TODO (neilmac) there is probably a better template-magic way to get the const and non-const overloads to share an implementation
inline span<char, dynamic_range> ensure_z(char* const& sz, std::ptrdiff_t max)
{
    auto len = strnlen(sz, max);
    Ensures(sz[len] == 0);
    return{ sz, static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(len) };
}

inline span<const char, dynamic_range> ensure_z(const char* const& sz, std::ptrdiff_t max)
{
    auto len = strnlen(sz, max);
    Ensures(sz[len] == 0);
    return{ sz, static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(len) };
}

inline span<wchar_t, dynamic_range> ensure_z(wchar_t* const& sz, std::ptrdiff_t max)
{
    auto len = wcsnlen(sz, max);
    Ensures(sz[len] == 0);
    return{ sz, static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(len) };
}

inline span<const wchar_t, dynamic_range> ensure_z(const wchar_t* const& sz, std::ptrdiff_t max)
{
    auto len = wcsnlen(sz, max);
    Ensures(sz[len] == 0);
    return{ sz, static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(len) };
}

template<typename T, size_t N>
span<T, dynamic_range> ensure_z(T(&sz)[N]) { return ensure_z(&sz[0], static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(N)); }

template<class Cont>
span<typename std::remove_pointer<typename Cont::pointer>::type, dynamic_range> ensure_z(Cont& cont)
{
    return ensure_z(cont.data(), static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(cont.length()));
}

template<typename CharT, std::ptrdiff_t>
class basic_string_span;

namespace details
{
    template <typename T>
    struct is_basic_string_span_oracle : std::false_type
    {};

    template <typename CharT, std::ptrdiff_t Extent>
    struct is_basic_string_span_oracle<basic_string_span<CharT, Extent>> : std::true_type
    {};

    template <typename T>
    struct is_basic_string_span : is_basic_string_span_oracle<std::remove_cv_t<T>>
    {};

    template <typename T>
    struct length_func
    {};

    template <>
    struct length_func<char>
    {
        std::ptrdiff_t operator()(char* const ptr, std::ptrdiff_t length) noexcept
        {
            return narrow_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(strnlen(ptr, length));
        }
    };

    template <>
    struct length_func<wchar_t>
    {
        std::ptrdiff_t operator()(wchar_t* const ptr, std::ptrdiff_t length) noexcept
        {
            return narrow_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(wcsnlen(ptr, length));
        }
    };

    template <>
    struct length_func<const char>
    {
        std::ptrdiff_t operator()(const char* const ptr, std::ptrdiff_t length) noexcept
        {
            return narrow_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(strnlen(ptr, length));
        }
    };

    template <>
    struct length_func<const wchar_t>
    {
        std::ptrdiff_t operator()(const wchar_t* const ptr, std::ptrdiff_t length) noexcept
        {
            return narrow_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(wcsnlen(ptr, length));
        }
    };
}


//
// string_span and relatives
//
// Note that Extent is always single-dimension only
//
template <typename CharT, std::ptrdiff_t Extent = dynamic_range>
class basic_string_span
{
    using value_type = CharT;
    using const_value_type = std::add_const_t<value_type>;
    using pointer = std::add_pointer_t<value_type>;
    using reference = std::add_lvalue_reference_t<value_type>;
    using const_reference = std::add_lvalue_reference_t<const_value_type>;
    using bounds_type = static_bounds<Extent>;
    using impl_type = span<value_type, Extent>;

public:
    using size_type = ptrdiff_t;
    using iterator = typename impl_type::iterator;
    using const_iterator = typename impl_type::const_iterator;
    using reverse_iterator = typename impl_type::reverse_iterator;
    using const_reverse_iterator = typename impl_type::const_reverse_iterator;

    // default (empty)
    constexpr basic_string_span() = default;

    // copy
    constexpr basic_string_span(const basic_string_span& other) = default;

    // move
#ifdef GSL_MSVC_NO_SUPPORT_FOR_MOVE_CTOR_DEFAULT
    constexpr basic_string_span(basic_string_span&& other)
		: span_(std::move(other.span_))
	{
	}
#else
    constexpr basic_string_span(basic_string_span&& other) = default;
#endif

    // assign
    constexpr basic_string_span& operator=(const basic_string_span& other) = default;

    // move assign
#ifdef GSL_MSVC_NO_SUPPORT_FOR_MOVE_CTOR_DEFAULT
    constexpr basic_string_span& operator=(basic_string_span&& other)
	{
		span_ = std::move(other.span_);
		return *this;
	}
#else
    constexpr basic_string_span& operator=(basic_string_span&& other) = default;
#endif

    // from nullptr and length
    constexpr basic_string_span(std::nullptr_t ptr, size_type length) noexcept
        : span_(ptr, length)
    {}

    // For pointers and static arrays - if 0-terminated, remove 0 from the view

    // from raw data and length
    constexpr basic_string_span(pointer ptr, size_type length) noexcept
        : span_(remove_z(ptr, length))
    {}

    // from static arrays and string literals
    template<size_t N>
    constexpr basic_string_span(value_type(&arr)[N]) noexcept
        : span_(remove_z(arr))
    {}

    // Those allow 0s within the length, so we do not remove them

    // from string
    constexpr basic_string_span(std::string& s) noexcept
        : span_(&(s.at(0)), narrow_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(s.length()))
    {}

#ifdef GSL_MSVC2013_ICE_WHEN_USING_DUMMY_TEMPLATE_PARAMETER
    template<
        typename Cont,
        typename DataType = typename Cont::value_type
    >
    constexpr basic_string_span(
        Cont& cont,
        std::enable_if_t<
            !details::is_span<Cont>::value
            && !details::is_basic_string_span<Cont>::value
            && !(!std::is_const<value_type>::value && std::is_const<Cont>::value)
            && std::is_convertible<DataType*, value_type*>::value
            && std::is_same<std::decay_t<decltype(std::declval<Cont>().size(), *std::declval<Cont>().data())>, DataType>::value
        >* = nullptr
        )
    : span_(cont.data(), cont.size())
    {}

    // disallow creation from temporary containers and strings
    template<
        typename Cont,
        typename DataType = typename Cont::value_type
    >
    explicit basic_string_span(
        Cont&& cont
        ,
        std::enable_if_t<
            !details::is_span<Cont>::value
            && !details::is_basic_string_span<Cont>::value
            && std::is_convertible<DataType*, value_type*>::value
            && std::is_same<std::decay_t<decltype(std::declval<Cont>().size(), *std::declval<Cont>().data())>, DataType>::value
        >* = nullptr
        ) = delete;

    // from span
    template<
        typename OtherValueType,
        std::ptrdiff_t... OtherDimensions,
        typename OtherBounds = static_bounds<OtherDimensions...>
    >
    constexpr basic_string_span(
        span<OtherValueType, OtherDimensions...> other,
        typename std::enable_if<
            std::is_convertible<OtherValueType, value_type>::value &&
            std::is_convertible<OtherBounds, bounds_type>::value
            >::type* = nullptr
    ) noexcept
        : span_(other)
    {}

    // from string_span
    template<
        typename OtherValueType,
        std::ptrdiff_t OtherExtent,
        typename OtherBounds = static_bounds<OtherExtent>
    >
    constexpr basic_string_span(
        basic_string_span<OtherValueType, OtherExtent> other,
        std::enable_if_t<
            std::is_convertible<OtherValueType*, value_type*>::value
            && std::is_convertible<OtherBounds, bounds_type>::value
        >* = nullptr
        ) noexcept
        : span_(other.data(), other.length())
    {}

#else // GSL_MSVC2013_ICE_WHEN_USING_DUMMY_TEMPLATE_PARAMETER

    // from containers. Containers must have .size() and .data() function signatures
    template <typename Cont, typename DataType = typename Cont::value_type,
        typename Dummy = std::enable_if_t<!details::is_span<Cont>::value
        && !details::is_basic_string_span<Cont>::value
        && !(!std::is_const<value_type>::value && std::is_const<Cont>::value) // no converting const containers to non-const span
        && std::is_convertible<DataType*, value_type*>::value
        && std::is_same<std::decay_t<decltype(std::declval<Cont>().size(), *std::declval<Cont>().data())>, DataType>::value>
    >
    constexpr basic_string_span(Cont& cont)
        : span_(cont.data(), cont.size())
    {}

    // disallow creation from temporary containers and strings
    template <typename Cont, typename DataType = typename Cont::value_type,
        typename Dummy = std::enable_if_t<!details::is_span<Cont>::value
        && !details::is_basic_string_span<Cont>::value
        && std::is_convertible<DataType*, value_type*>::value
        && std::is_same<std::decay_t<decltype(std::declval<Cont>().size(), *std::declval<Cont>().data())>, DataType>::value>
    >
    basic_string_span(Cont&& cont) = delete;

    // from span
    template <typename OtherValueType, std::ptrdiff_t OtherExtent,
        typename OtherBounds = static_bounds<OtherExtent>,
        typename Dummy = std::enable_if_t<std::is_convertible<OtherValueType*, value_type*>::value && std::is_convertible<OtherBounds, bounds_type>::value>
    >
    constexpr basic_string_span(span<OtherValueType, OtherExtent> other) noexcept
        : span_(other)
    {}

    // from string_span
    template <typename OtherValueType, std::ptrdiff_t OtherExtent,
        typename OtherBounds = static_bounds<OtherExtent>,
        typename Dummy = std::enable_if_t<std::is_convertible<OtherValueType*, value_type*>::value && std::is_convertible<OtherBounds, bounds_type>::value>
    >
    constexpr basic_string_span(basic_string_span<OtherValueType, OtherExtent> other) noexcept
        : span_(other.data(), other.length())
    {}
#endif // GSL_MSVC2013_ICE_WHEN_USING_DUMMY_TEMPLATE_PARAMETER

    constexpr bool empty() const noexcept
    {
        return length() == 0;
    }

    // first Count elements
    template<size_type Count>
    constexpr basic_string_span<value_type, Count> first() const noexcept
    {
        return{ span_.template first<Count>() };
    }

    constexpr basic_string_span<value_type, dynamic_range> first(size_type count) const noexcept
    {
        return{ span_.first(count) };
    }

    // last Count elements
    template<size_type Count>
    constexpr basic_string_span<value_type, Count> last() const noexcept
    {
        return{ span_.template last<Count>() };
    }

    constexpr basic_string_span<value_type, dynamic_range> last(size_type count) const noexcept
    {
        return{ span_.last(count) };
    }

    // create a subview of Count elements starting from Offset
    template<size_type Offset, size_type Count>
    constexpr basic_string_span<value_type, Count> subspan() const noexcept
    {
        return{ span_.template subspan<Offset, Count>() };
    }

    constexpr basic_string_span<value_type, dynamic_range> subspan(size_type offset, size_type count = dynamic_range) const noexcept
    {
        return{ span_.subspan(offset, count) };
    }

    constexpr reference operator[](size_type idx) const noexcept
    {
        return span_[idx];
    }

    constexpr pointer data() const noexcept
    {
        return span_.data();
    }

    // length of the span in elements
    constexpr size_type length() const noexcept
    {
        return span_.size();
    }

    // length of the span in elements
    constexpr size_type size() const noexcept
    {
        return span_.size();
    }

    // length of the span in bytes
    constexpr size_type size_bytes() const noexcept
    {
        return span_.size_bytes();
    }

    // length of the span in bytes
    constexpr size_type length_bytes() const noexcept
    {
        return span_.length_bytes();
    }

    constexpr iterator begin() const noexcept
    {
        return span_.begin();
    }

    constexpr iterator end() const noexcept
    {
        return span_.end();
    }

    constexpr const_iterator cbegin() const noexcept
    {
        return span_.cbegin();
    }

    constexpr const_iterator cend() const noexcept
    {
        span_.cend();
    }

    constexpr reverse_iterator rbegin() const noexcept
    {
        return span_.rbegin();
    }

    constexpr reverse_iterator rend() const noexcept
    {
        return span_.rend();
    }

    constexpr const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const noexcept
    {
        return span_.crbegin();
    }

    constexpr const_reverse_iterator crend() const noexcept
    {
        return span_.crend();
    }

private:

    static impl_type remove_z(pointer const& sz, std::ptrdiff_t max) noexcept
    {
        return{ sz, details::length_func<value_type>()(sz, max)};
    }

    template<size_t N>
    static impl_type remove_z(value_type(&sz)[N]) noexcept
    {
        return remove_z(&sz[0], narrow_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(N));
    }

    impl_type span_;
};

template<std::ptrdiff_t Extent = dynamic_range>
using string_span = basic_string_span<char, Extent>;

template<std::ptrdiff_t Extent = dynamic_range>
using cstring_span = basic_string_span<const char, Extent>;

template<std::ptrdiff_t Extent = dynamic_range>
using wstring_span = basic_string_span<wchar_t, Extent>;

template<std::ptrdiff_t Extent = dynamic_range>
using cwstring_span = basic_string_span<const wchar_t, Extent>;

//
// to_string() allow (explicit) conversions from string_span to string
//
#ifndef GSL_MSVC_HAS_TYPE_DEDUCTION_BUG

template<typename CharT, ptrdiff_t Extent>
std::basic_string<typename std::remove_const<CharT>::type> to_string(basic_string_span<CharT, Extent> view)
{
    return{ view.data(), static_cast<size_t>(view.length()) };
}

#else

inline std::string to_string(cstring_span<> view)
{
    return{ view.data(), view.length() };
}

inline std::string to_string(string_span<> view)
{
    return{ view.data(), view.length() };
}

inline std::wstring to_string(cwstring_span<> view)
{
    return{ view.data(), view.length() };
}

inline std::wstring to_string(wstring_span<> view)
{
    return{ view.data(), view.length() };
}

#endif

template<typename CharT, size_t Extent = dynamic_range>
class basic_zstring_builder
{
public:
    using impl_type = span<CharT, Extent>;
    using string_span_type = basic_string_span<CharT, Extent>;
    using value_type = CharT;
    using pointer = CharT*;
    using size_type = typename string_span_type::size_type;
    using iterator = typename string_span_type::iterator;

    basic_zstring_builder(CharT* data, size_type length) : sv_(data, length) {}

    template<size_t Size>
    basic_zstring_builder(CharT(&arr)[Size]) : sv_(arr) {}

    pointer data() const { return sv_.data(); }
    string_span_type view() const { return sv_; }

    size_type length() const { return sv_.length(); }

    pointer assume0() const { return data(); }
    string_span_type ensure_z() const { return gsl::ensure_z(sv_); }

    iterator begin() const { return sv_.begin(); }
    iterator end() const { return sv_.end(); }

private:
    impl_type sv_;
};

template <size_t Max = dynamic_range>
using zstring_builder = basic_zstring_builder<char, Max>;

template <size_t Max = dynamic_range>
using wzstring_builder = basic_zstring_builder<wchar_t, Max>;
}

template <typename CharT, std::ptrdiff_t Extent = gsl::dynamic_range>
bool operator==(const gsl::basic_string_span<CharT, Extent>& one, const gsl::basic_string_span<CharT, Extent>& other) noexcept
{
    return std::equal(one.begin(), one.end(), other.begin(), other.end());
}

template <typename CharT, std::ptrdiff_t Extent = gsl::dynamic_range>
bool operator<(const gsl::basic_string_span<CharT, Extent>& one, const gsl::basic_string_span<CharT, Extent>& other) noexcept
{
    return std::lexicographical_compare(one.begin(), one.end(), other.begin(), other.end());
}

template <typename CharT, std::ptrdiff_t Extent = gsl::dynamic_range>
bool operator<=(const gsl::basic_string_span<CharT, Extent>& one, const gsl::basic_string_span<CharT, Extent>& other) noexcept
{
    return !(other < one);
}

template <typename CharT, std::ptrdiff_t Extent = gsl::dynamic_range>
bool operator>(const gsl::basic_string_span<CharT, Extent>& one, const gsl::basic_string_span<CharT, Extent>& other) noexcept
{
    return other < one;
}

template <typename CharT, std::ptrdiff_t Extent = gsl::dynamic_range>
bool operator>=(const gsl::basic_string_span<CharT, Extent>& one, const gsl::basic_string_span<CharT, Extent>& other) noexcept
{
    return !(one < other);
}

// VS 2013 workarounds
#ifdef _MSC_VER

#undef constexpr
#pragma pop_macro("constexpr")

#if _MSC_VER <= 1800

#ifndef GSL_THROW_ON_CONTRACT_VIOLATION
#undef noexcept
#pragma pop_macro("noexcept")
#endif // GSL_THROW_ON_CONTRACT_VIOLATION

#undef GSL_MSVC2013_ICE_WHEN_USING_DUMMY_TEMPLATE_PARAMETER
#undef GSL_MSVC_HAS_TYPE_DEDUCTION_BUG

#endif // _MSC_VER <= 1800
#endif // _MSC_VER

#if defined(GSL_THROW_ON_CONTRACT_VIOLATION)

#undef noexcept

#ifdef _MSC_VER
#pragma pop_macro("noexcept")
#endif

#endif // GSL_THROW_ON_CONTRACT_VIOLATION

#endif // GSL_STRING_SPAN_H