360 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
360 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
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PDCurses User's Guide
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=====================
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Curses Overview
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---------------
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The X/Open Curses Interface Definition describes a set of C-Language
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functions that provide screen-handling and updating, which are
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collectively known as the curses library.
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The curses library permits manipulation of data structures called
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windows which may be thought of as two-dimensional arrays of
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characters representing all or part of a terminal's screen. The
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windows are manipulated using a procedural interface described
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[elsewhere]. The curses package maintains a record of what characters
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are on the screen. At the most basic level, manipulation is done with
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the routines move() and addch() which are used to "move" the curses
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around and add characters to the default window, stdscr, which
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represents the whole screen.
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An application may use these routines to add data to the window in any
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convenient order. Once all data have been added, the routine
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refresh() is called. The package then determines what changes have
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been made which affect the screen. The screen contents are then
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changed to reflect those characters now in the window, using a
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sequence of operations optimized for the type of terminal in use.
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At a higher level routines combining the actions of move() and addch()
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are defined, as are routines to add whole strings and to perform
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format conversions in the manner of printf().
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Interfaces are also defined to erase the entire window and to specify
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the attributes of individual characters in the window. Attributes
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such as inverse video, underline and blink can be used on a
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per-character basis.
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New windows can be created by allowing the application to build
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several images of the screen and display the appropriate one very
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quickly. New windows are created using the routine newwin(). For
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each routine that manipulates the default window, stdscr, there is a
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corresponding routine prefixed with w to manipulate the contents of a
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specified window; for example, move() and wmove(). In fact, move(...)
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is functionally equivalent to wmove( stdscr, ...). This is similar to
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the interface offered by printf(...) and fprintf(stdout, ...).
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Windows do not have to correspond to the entire screen. It is
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possible to create smaller windows, and also to indicate that the
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window is only partially visible on the screen. Furthermore, large
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windows or pads, which are bigger than the actual screen size, may be
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created.
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Interfaces are also defined to allow input character manipulation and
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to disable and enable many input attributes: character echo, single
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character input with or without signal processing (cbreak or raw
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modes), carriage returns mapping to newlines, screen scrolling, etc.
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Data Types and the \<curses.h\> Header
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--------------------------------------
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The data types supported by curses are described in this section.
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As the library supports a procedural interface to the data types, actual
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structure contents are not described. All curses data are manipulated
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using the routines provided.
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### The \<curses.h\> Header
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The \<curses.h\> header defines various constants and declares the data
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types that are available to the application.
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### Data Types
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The following data types are declared:
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WINDOW * pointer to screen representation
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SCREEN * pointer to terminal descriptor
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bool boolean data type
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chtype representation of a character in a window
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cchar_t the wide-character equivalent of chtype
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attr_t for WA_-style attributes
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The actual WINDOW and SCREEN objects used to store information are
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created by the corresponding routines and a pointer to them is provided.
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All manipulation is through that pointer.
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### Variables
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The following variables are defined:
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LINES number of lines on terminal screen
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COLS number of columns on terminal screen
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stdscr pointer to the default screen window
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curscr pointer to the current screen image
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SP pointer to the current SCREEN struct
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Mouse_status status of the mouse
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COLORS number of colors available
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COLOR_PAIRS number of color pairs available
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TABSIZE size of one TAB block
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acs_map[] alternate character set map
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ttytype[] terminal name/description
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### Constants
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The following constants are defined:
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#### General
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FALSE boolean false value
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TRUE boolean true value
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NULL zero pointer value
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ERR value returned on error condition
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OK value returned on successful completion
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#### Video Attributes
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Normally, attributes are a property of the character.
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For chtype:
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A_ALTCHARSET use the alternate character set
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A_BLINK bright background or blinking
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A_BOLD bright foreground or bold
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A_DIM half bright -- no effect in PDCurses
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A_INVIS invisible -- no effect in PDCurses
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A_ITALIC italic
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A_LEFT line along the left edge
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A_PROTECT protected -- no effect in PDCurses
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A_REVERSE reverse video
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A_RIGHT line along the right edge
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A_STANDOUT terminal's best highlighting mode
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A_UNDERLINE underline
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A_ATTRIBUTES bit-mask to extract attributes
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A_CHARTEXT bit-mask to extract a character
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A_COLOR bit-mask to extract a color-pair
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Not all attributes will work on all terminals. A_ITALIC is not standard,
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but is shared with ncurses.
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For attr_t:
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WA_ALTCHARSET same as A_ALTCHARSET
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WA_BLINK same as A_BLINK
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WA_BOLD same as A_BOLD
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WA_DIM same as A_DIM
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WA_INVIS same as A_INVIS
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WA_ITALIC same as A_ITALIC
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WA_LEFT same as A_LEFT
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WA_PROTECT same as A_PROTECT
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WA_REVERSE same as A_REVERSE
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WA_RIGHT same as A_RIGHT
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WA_STANDOUT same as A_STANDOUT
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WA_UNDERLINE same as A_UNDERLINE
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The following are also defined, for compatibility, but currently have no
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effect in PDCurses: A_HORIZONTAL, A_LOW, A_TOP, A_VERTICAL and their
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WA_* equivalents.
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### The Alternate Character Set
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For use in chtypes and with related functions. These are a portable way
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to represent graphics characters on different terminals.
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VT100-compatible symbols -- box characters:
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ACS_ULCORNER upper left box corner
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ACS_LLCORNER lower left box corner
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ACS_URCORNER upper right box corner
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ACS_LRCORNER lower right box corner
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ACS_RTEE right "T"
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ACS_LTEE left "T"
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ACS_BTEE bottom "T"
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ACS_TTEE top "T"
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ACS_HLINE horizontal line
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ACS_VLINE vertical line
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ACS_PLUS plus sign, cross, or four-corner piece
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VT100-compatible symbols -- other:
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ACS_S1 scan line 1
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ACS_S9 scan line 9
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ACS_DIAMOND diamond
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ACS_CKBOARD checkerboard -- 50% grey
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ACS_DEGREE degree symbol
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ACS_PLMINUS plus/minus sign
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ACS_BULLET bullet
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Teletype 5410v1 symbols -- these are defined in SysV curses, but are not
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well-supported by most terminals. Stick to VT100 characters for optimum
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portability:
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ACS_LARROW left arrow
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ACS_RARROW right arrow
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ACS_DARROW down arrow
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ACS_UARROW up arrow
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ACS_BOARD checkerboard -- lighter (less dense) than
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ACS_CKBOARD
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ACS_LANTERN lantern symbol
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ACS_BLOCK solid block
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That goes double for these -- undocumented SysV symbols. Don't use them:
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ACS_S3 scan line 3
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ACS_S7 scan line 7
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ACS_LEQUAL less than or equal
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ACS_GEQUAL greater than or equal
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ACS_PI pi
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ACS_NEQUAL not equal
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ACS_STERLING pounds sterling symbol
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Box character aliases:
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ACS_BSSB same as ACS_ULCORNER
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ACS_SSBB same as ACS_LLCORNER
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ACS_BBSS same as ACS_URCORNER
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ACS_SBBS same as ACS_LRCORNER
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ACS_SBSS same as ACS_RTEE
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ACS_SSSB same as ACS_LTEE
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ACS_SSBS same as ACS_BTEE
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ACS_BSSS same as ACS_TTEE
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ACS_BSBS same as ACS_HLINE
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ACS_SBSB same as ACS_VLINE
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ACS_SSSS same as ACS_PLUS
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For cchar_t and wide-character functions, WACS_ equivalents are also
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defined.
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### Colors
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For use with init_pair(), color_set(), etc.:
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COLOR_BLACK
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COLOR_BLUE
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COLOR_GREEN
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COLOR_CYAN
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COLOR_RED
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COLOR_MAGENTA
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COLOR_YELLOW
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COLOR_WHITE
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Use these instead of numeric values. The definition of the colors
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depends on the implementation of curses.
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### Input Values
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The following constants might be returned by getch() if keypad() has
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been enabled. Note that not all of these may be supported on a
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particular terminal:
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KEY_BREAK break key
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KEY_DOWN the four arrow keys
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KEY_UP
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KEY_LEFT
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KEY_RIGHT
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KEY_HOME home key (upward+left arrow)
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KEY_BACKSPACE backspace
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KEY_F0 function keys; space for 64 keys is reserved
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KEY_F(n) (KEY_F0+(n))
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KEY_DL delete line
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KEY_IL insert line
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KEY_DC delete character
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KEY_IC insert character
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KEY_EIC exit insert character mode
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KEY_CLEAR clear screen
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KEY_EOS clear to end of screen
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KEY_EOL clear to end of line
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KEY_SF scroll 1 line forwards
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KEY_SR scroll 1 line backwards (reverse)
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KEY_NPAGE next page
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KEY_PPAGE previous page
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KEY_STAB set tab
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KEY_CTAB clear tab
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KEY_CATAB clear all tabs
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KEY_ENTER enter or send
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KEY_SRESET soft (partial) reset
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KEY_RESET reset or hard reset
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KEY_PRINT print or copy
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KEY_LL home down or bottom (lower left)
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KEY_A1 upper left of virtual keypad
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KEY_A3 upper right of virtual keypad
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KEY_B2 center of virtual keypad
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KEY_C1 lower left of virtual keypad
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KEY_C3 lower right of virtual keypad
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KEY_BTAB Back tab key
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KEY_BEG Beginning key
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KEY_CANCEL Cancel key
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KEY_CLOSE Close key
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KEY_COMMAND Cmd (command) key
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KEY_COPY Copy key
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KEY_CREATE Create key
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KEY_END End key
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KEY_EXIT Exit key
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KEY_FIND Find key
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KEY_HELP Help key
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KEY_MARK Mark key
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KEY_MESSAGE Message key
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KEY_MOVE Move key
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KEY_NEXT Next object key
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KEY_OPEN Open key
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KEY_OPTIONS Options key
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KEY_PREVIOUS Previous object key
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KEY_REDO Redo key
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KEY_REFERENCE Reference key
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KEY_REFRESH Refresh key
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KEY_REPLACE Replace key
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KEY_RESTART Restart key
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KEY_RESUME Resume key
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KEY_SAVE Save key
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KEY_SBEG Shifted beginning key
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KEY_SCANCEL Shifted cancel key
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KEY_SCOMMAND Shifted command key
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KEY_SCOPY Shifted copy key
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KEY_SCREATE Shifted create key
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KEY_SDC Shifted delete char key
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KEY_SDL Shifted delete line key
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KEY_SELECT Select key
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KEY_SEND Shifted end key
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KEY_SEOL Shifted clear line key
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KEY_SEXIT Shifted exit key
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KEY_SFIND Shifted find key
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KEY_SHELP Shifted help key
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KEY_SHOME Shifted home key
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KEY_SIC Shifted input key
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KEY_SLEFT Shifted left arrow key
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KEY_SMESSAGE Shifted message key
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KEY_SMOVE Shifted move key
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KEY_SNEXT Shifted next key
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KEY_SOPTIONS Shifted options key
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KEY_SPREVIOUS Shifted prev key
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KEY_SPRINT Shifted print key
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KEY_SREDO Shifted redo key
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KEY_SREPLACE Shifted replace key
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KEY_SRIGHT Shifted right arrow
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KEY_SRSUME Shifted resume key
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KEY_SSAVE Shifted save key
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KEY_SSUSPEND Shifted suspend key
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KEY_SUNDO Shifted undo key
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KEY_SUSPEND Suspend key
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KEY_UNDO Undo key
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The virtual keypad is arranged like this:
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A1 up A3
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left B2 right
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C1 down C3
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This list is incomplete -- see curses.h for the full list, and use the
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testcurs demo to see what values are actually returned. The above are
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just the keys required by X/Open. In particular, PDCurses defines many
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CTL_ and ALT_ combinations; these are not portable.
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[elsewhere]: MANUAL.md
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